Email Marketing Best Practices for Healthcare

Healthcare Email Marketing, Healthcare Marketing, HIPAA Compliant Email, HIPAA Email Marketing
Pete Wermter
November 14, 2023

Email marketing can be a powerful tool for healthcare organizations, but it requires careful planning and execution because of HIPAA compliance requirements. In this blog post, we will discuss email marketing best practices to help healthcare marketers achieve their goals.

1. Define Your Campaign Goals

The success of any email marketing campaign depends on the goals you want to achieve. However, because healthcare organizations are often not selling products to their patients, marketers can be confused about how to set measurable goals for their campaigns that aren’t tied to revenue generation.

Healthcare marketers want to use email marketing campaigns for various purposes, including patient engagement, education, and retention. Some possible objectives of your campaigns could be:

New patient acquisition
Re-engaging lapsed patients
Spreading awareness about vaccines, treatments, or medical conditions
Increasing treatment or medication adherence
Collecting survey responses or patient-reported outcomes

All of these campaign objectives will correlate with different metrics. Identifying the campaign goal and the corresponding metrics you need to track is critical before selecting the audience and crafting the content.

2. Select Your Audience

Gone are the days of sending giant email blasts to your entire contact list. The best email marketers are creating highly targeted campaigns for specific audiences. Healthcare marketers using patient data in their audience targeting efforts are at an advantage. They can use patient information to create distinct audience segments. Targeting a patient population with common attributes makes it easier to craft a relevant message to drive clear results. For example, marketers can create more relevant campaigns when they can divide their patient population into subgroups based on shared characteristics like diagnoses, risk factors, and demographic data.

3. Personalize Your Content

Once you have clearly defined your goal and your audience, it’s essential to use personalization techniques to craft relevant messaging. Healthcare consumers expect more personalization from their providers and want to receive messages that tie into their past experiences. Generic, irrelevant messaging is more likely to annoy patients than get them to act. Healthcare marketers are lucky to have a wealth of data points to use in their messaging, but they must be aware of patient privacy and take steps to secure their messaging. When you have taken the appropriate steps to secure patient data, including protected health information in email messages is possible. This improves the patient experience and makes it easier for healthcare marketers to achieve their objectives.

4. Use A Clear Call-to-Action

Your emails should include a clear call-to-action (CTA) that encourages your audience to take the desired action. These actions may include scheduling an appointment, downloading a resource, logging into a patient portal, filling out a survey, or contacting your organization. Ensure that your CTA is prominent, stands out from the rest of your content, and ties back to the goal of your campaign. Most importantly, implement appropriate tracking technologies so you can see how many email recipients followed through on the CTA.

Don’t include too many calls to action in one message! Including multiple prompts may confuse the recipient and make it more difficult for your team to understand how the campaign performed.

5. Review Your Data

Finally, it’s essential to monitor your email metrics to evaluate the success of your campaigns. Some key metrics may include open rates, click-through rates, surveys completed, successful logins, appointments scheduled, and other relevant metrics that tie back to your goals. Use this data to refine your email marketing strategy, trigger follow-up campaigns and marketing activity, and optimize future campaigns. Use APIs or webhooks to ensure your email campaign statistics are tied into marketing dashboards to get a holistic view of how your campaigns are performing.

6. Choose an Email Marketing Platform Designed for Healthcare

Finally, to use the tactics recommended above, it’s necessary to use a HIPAA-compliant email marketing platform. Segmenting audiences and personalizing content requires the use of protected health information. Therefore, it must be secured in compliance with HIPAA. You must select a platform that can protect data both at rest and in transit to utilize the power of your data fully.

LuxSci’s HIPAA-compliant Secure Marketing was designed to meet the needs of healthcare marketers and enables the use of PHI at scale. Contact our sales team to learn more about our capabilities and email marketing best practices.

Pete Wermter

As a marketing leader with more than 20 years of experience in enterprise software marketing, Pete's career includes a mix of corporate and field marketing roles, stretching from Silicon Valley to the EMEA and APAC regions, with a focus on data protection and optimizing engagement for regulated industries, such as healthcare and financial services. Pete Wermter — LinkedIn

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Traditional MFA No Longer Qualifies as “Reasonable” Security

March 17, 2026
Pete Wermter

For years, multi-factor authentication (MFA) was considered one of the most effective ways to protect sensitive systems. By requiring a second verification step, such as a text message code or push notification, organizations could significantly reduce the risk of compromised passwords.

But the threat landscape has changed.

Today, attackers routinely bypass traditional MFA using techniques such as MFA evasion, token replay attacks, and consent phishing. These methods are no longer rare or highly sophisticated. They are widely used, automated, and increasingly effective.

As a result, regulators, auditors, and security frameworks are raising expectations for authentication security. For healthcare organizations in particular, traditional MFA alone may no longer satisfy the HIPAA requirement to implement “reasonable and appropriate safeguards.”

In the near future, email systems that rely only on basic MFA, without conditional access or phishing-resistant authentication, may increasingly be viewed as security gaps during risk assessments.

Why Traditional MFA Is No Longer Enough

Traditional MFA still improves security compared to passwords alone. However, many common MFA methods were designed before today’s phishing techniques and cloud authentication attacks became widespread.

Common MFA methods include:

SMS verification codes
Email-based authentication codes
Push notifications to mobile apps

While these mechanisms add friction for attackers, they can still be intercepted or manipulated during sophisticated phishing attacks. Because modern attackers now target authentication workflows directly, organizations relying solely on traditional MFA may be more vulnerable than they realize.

How Attackers Bypass MFA Today

Cybercriminals increasingly rely on tools that capture credentials and authentication tokens during login sessions. Three attack techniques are now especially common.

MFA Evasion and Phishing Proxies – Attackers frequently deploy adversary-in-the-middle phishing kits that sit between the user and the real login service. When users enter their credentials and MFA code on a phishing page, the attacker forwards the information to the legitimate site and captures the authentication session. The user successfully logs in—but the attacker gains access as well. If attackers capture those tokens, they can reuse them to access the account directly.
Token Replay Attacks – After successful authentication, systems typically issue session tokens that allow users to remain logged in without repeated MFA prompts. This technique has been widely observed in attacks targeting cloud email platforms such as Microsoft 365, allowing attackers to access email data even when MFA is enabled.
Consent Phishing – Consent phishing bypasses MFA entirely. Instead of stealing passwords, attackers trick users into granting permissions to malicious applications that request access to their mailbox or files. If users approve the request, the attacker’s application receives persistent access to the account through APIs—often without triggering security alerts.

Why Email Authentication Matters Most in Healthcare

Email remains one of the most critical systems in healthcare organizations. It supports patient communication, internal collaboration, and the exchange of sensitive information. Unfortunately, it is also the most frequently targeted entry point for cyberattacks.

Once attackers gain access to an email account, they can:

Impersonate healthcare staff
Launch internal phishing attacks
Access sensitive patient communications
Extract protected health information (PHI)

Because of this, email authentication controls are becoming a major focus for security teams and compliance auditors alike.

Evolving Regulatory Expectations

HIPAA does not prescribe specific technologies, but it requires organizations to implement safeguards that are “reasonable and appropriate” based on risk. As new attack methods emerge, the definition of reasonable security evolves.

Today, many security frameworks and regulatory bodies are emphasizing stronger identity protections, including:

Phishing-resistant authentication
Conditional access policies
Monitoring for suspicious login behavior
Controls for third-party application permissions

Organizations that rely solely on basic MFA may increasingly struggle to demonstrate that their authentication protections are sufficient.

The Shift Toward Phishing-Resistant Authentication

To address the weaknesses of traditional MFA, many organizations are adopting phishing-resistant authentication technologies, which can be enabled with tools like Duo and Okta. These solutions rely on cryptographic authentication tied to trusted devices, which prevents attackers from capturing or replaying login credentials.

Examples include:

Hardware security keys
Passkeys
Certificate-based authentication

Because authentication is tied to both the device and the legitimate website domain, these technologies significantly reduce the success rate of phishing attacks.

Why Conditional Access Is Becoming Essential

Conditional access adds another layer of protection by evaluating context and risk before granting access. Instead of treating every login the same, conditional access policies analyze signals such as:

Device security status
Geographic location
Network reputation
User behavior patterns

If something appears unusual, such as a login from a new country, the system can require stronger authentication or block the attempt altogether. This risk-based approach to authentication helps prevent many account compromise scenarios.

The Future of HIPAA Risk Assessments

As authentication threats evolve, healthcare security assessments are increasingly focusing on identity protection maturity. Organizations may begin seeing findings related to:

Weak or outdated MFA methods
Lack of conditional access policies
Insufficient monitoring of login activity
Unrestricted third-party application permissions

In particular, email systems without advanced authentication protections may be flagged as high-risk vulnerabilities, especially when PHI is accessible.

LuxSci’s Modern Approach to MFA

Modern threats require more than a simple second login factor. LuxSci approaches authentication security with layered identity protection designed specifically for healthcare environments.

Instead of relying solely on basic MFA methods like SMS codes or email verification, LuxSci supports stronger authentication controls and policies that align with evolving security expectations. These protections can include:

Strong multi-factor authentication options
Monitoring for unusual login behavior
Enhanced identity verification mechanisms

By combining multiple security layers within its HIPAA-compliant secure communications email and marketing solutions, LuxSci helps healthcare organizations protect sensitive email communications while maintaining usability for providers, health plan administrators, payment providers, and patient engagement teams.

Conclusion

Multi-factor authentication remains an important security control—but not all MFA is created equal. Attack techniques such as phishing proxies, token replay, and consent phishing have demonstrated that traditional MFA methods can be bypassed. As a result, regulators and auditors are increasingly expecting stronger identity protections.

For healthcare organizations that rely heavily on email communications, the implications are significant. Weak authentication controls can expose sensitive patient data and may soon appear as high-risk findings during HIPAA risk assessments. The organizations best positioned for the future will be those that modernize authentication strategies now, moving toward phishing-resistant methods, conditional access policies, and layered identity protection.

Reach out to LuxSci today to learn how HIPAA compliant email can support both your organization’s engagement and cybersecurity needs.

FAQs

1. What is traditional MFA?

Traditional MFA refers to authentication methods that require a second verification step, typically SMS codes, email codes, or push notifications.

2. Why can attackers bypass MFA today?

Modern phishing tools can intercept authentication sessions or steal login tokens, allowing attackers to access accounts even when MFA is enabled.

3. What is phishing-resistant authentication?

Phishing-resistant authentication uses cryptographic methods tied to trusted devices, preventing attackers from capturing login credentials.

4. Why is email security especially important for healthcare organizations?

Email systems often contain patient communications and sensitive information, making them a common target for cyberattacks.

5. How can organizations improve authentication security?

Organizations can strengthen identity security by adopting phishing-resistant authentication methods, implementing conditional access policies, and monitoring login activity.

Encryption Optional Email Will Fail Audits in 2026 and Beyond

February 24, 2026
Pete Wermter

For years, healthcare organizations have relied on click-to-encrypt email workflows and secure portals as a practical compromise between usability and compliance. Or in some cases, they simply thought most of their emails did not need to be compliant. In regulated industries where data security and privacy are paramount, this approach was still considered “good enough.”

That era is ending.

As we progress into 2026 and beyond, regulators, auditors, and cyber insurers are sending a clear and consistent message: encryption that depends on human choice is no longer acceptable. It’s already happening. Encryption optional email isn’t merely raising concerns, it’s failing audits outright.

An Email Threat Landscape That’s Changing Faster Than Email Habits

Historically, email encryption was treated as a best practice rather than a hard requirement. If an organization could demonstrate that encryption tools existed and that employees had access to them, auditors were often satisfied. The box was checked, everybody moved on.

Today, the questions auditors ask are fundamentally different. Instead of asking whether encryption is available, they are asking whether sensitive data can ever leave the organization unencrypted. If the answer is yes, even in rare cases, or even accidentally, that’s no longer viewed as an acceptable gap. It’s viewed as inadequate control.

Why 2026 Is a Tipping Point for Email Security

Several forces are converging here in 2026 that make optional encryption increasingly untenable. Regulatory scrutiny around PHI and PII exposure continues to intensify. Breach costs and litigation are rising, with email remaining one of the most common vectors for data exposure and breaches. AI is also changing the game for cybercriminals, and attacks will continue to increase and be more sophisticated. As a result, cyber insurers are tightening underwriting requirements and demanding stronger, more predictable controls.

At the same time, email user behavior is unpredictable and inconsistent, which is a non-starter for data security in today’s world.

Taken together, these trends and behaviors point to a single requirement: email security controls must be automated. They must be enforced by systems, not dependent on employee memory, judgment, or good intentions.

The Reality of “Encryption Optional” in Practice

On paper, optional encryption can sound reasonable. In practice, it creates gaps large enough to open you up to a breach.

Secure portals are a good example. They require recipients to click a link, authenticate, and access content in a controlled environment. While this protects data in transit, and is a better approach than no security at all, it also introduces friction. And people don’t like friction. Senders forget to use the portal. Recipients ask for “just a quick email instead.” Shortcuts are taken to save time. And every shortcut becomes a risk.

Click-to-encrypt systems suffer from a similar problem. They rely on users to correctly identify sensitive data and remember to take action. But people often misclassify information, forget to click the button, or assume someone else has already secured the message. From an auditor’s perspective, this isn’t a training failure. It’s a set-up and control failure.

Email Security Defaults Are the New Normal

The latest message from regulators, auditors, and insurers is clear. If encryption is optional, data vulnerabilities become inevitable.

What can you do?

Below is a quick email security checklist to help you get started. Cyber insurers may require or recommend the following safeguards during the underwriting process, such as:

Multi-factor authentication (MFA)
Endpoint protection
Encrypted backups
Incident response planning
Encryption protocols for sensitive data in transit and at rest, including PHI in emails

In 2026 and beyond, healthcare organizations and regulated industries will be judged not by what they allow, but by what they prevent. Automated, encrypted email is the new. normal.

Want to learn more about LuxSci HIPAA compliant email? Reach out today.

LuxSci and Oiva Health Combine to Form Transatlantic Healthcare Communications Group

February 12, 2026
Pete Wermter

Boston & Helsinki, February 12, 2026 – LuxSci, a provider of secure healthcare communications solutions in the United States, and Oiva Health, a Nordic provider of Digital Care solutions in social and healthcare services, today announced that the companies are joining forces. Backed by Main Capital Partners (“Main”), the combination brings together two complementary platforms and teams, forming a strong transatlantic software group focused on secure healthcare communications.

Founded in 1999, LuxSci is a U.S. provider of HIPAA‑compliant, secure email, marketing, and forms solutions. Its application and infrastructure software enable organizations to securely deliver personalized, sensitive data at scale to support a broad range of healthcare communications and workflows including care coordination, benefits and payments, marketing, wellness communications, after care and ongoing care. Certified by HITRUST for the highest levels of data security, LuxSci serves dozens of healthcare enterprises and hundreds of mid‑market organizations.

Founded in 2010, Oiva Health is a provider of digital care and communications solutions in the Nordics. Headquartered in Finland, with additional offices in Denmark, Norway, and Sweden, Oiva Health offers digital care and digital clinic solutions – including digital visits, secure messaging, online scheduling and appointments, and caregiver communications – serving the long-term care, especially elderly care, and occupational healthcare verticals. The company employs approximately 60 people and has recently expanded across the Nordic region, with a growing presence in Norway and Sweden.

The combination of LuxSci and Oiva Health creates a larger, cross Atlantic group with complementary solutions, serving the U.S. and European markets. Together, the companies offer healthcare providers, payers, and suppliers a comprehensive suite of tools to communicate securely and compliantly, spanning communications, workflows, and virtual care delivery.

Daan Visscher, Partner and Co-Head North America at Main, commented: “We are pleased to announce this cross Atlantic transaction, creating an internationally active secure communications player within the healthcare and home care space. The combined product suite enables healthcare organizations to drive much needed efficiency gains in healthcare provision addressing a global trend of rising costs, aging population, and increasing pressure on resources needed to provide high-quality care.”

Mark Leonard, CEO of LuxSci, said, “We are thrilled to join forces with Oiva Health and believe that together we can truly make a difference in healthcare coordination, access, and delivery. We see an exciting path forward with our customers benefiting from an end-to-end, secure and compliant approach to optimizing both healthcare communications and today’s frontline workers, which we need now more than ever.”

Juhana Ojala, CEO at Oiva Health, concluded, “We look forward to this new chapter together with LuxSci. We are very excited about the strong alignment between our solutions, which especially strongly positions us to expand our flagship Digital Care offering to the high-potential U.S. care market – from care coordination to care delivery to in-home and institutional care.”

Nothing contained in this Press Release is intended to project, predict, guarantee, or forecast the future performance of any investment. This Press Release is for information purposes only and is not investment advice or an offer to buy or sell any securities or to invest in any funds or other investment vehicles managed by Main Capital Partners or any other person.

[END OF MESSAGE]

About LuxSci

LuxSci is a U.S.-based provider of secure healthcare communications solutions for the healthcare industry. The company offers secure email, marketing, forms and hosting, delivering HIPAA‑compliant communication solutions that enable organizations to safely manage and transmit sensitive data. Founded in 1999, LuxSci serves more than 1,900 customers across healthcare verticals, including providers, payers, suppliers, and healthcare retail, home care providers, and healthcare systems, as well as organizations operating in other highly regulated industries. LuxSci is HITRUST‑certified with example clients being Athenahealth, 1800 Contacts, Lucerna Health, Eurofins, and Rotech Healthcare, among others.

About Oiva Health

Oiva Health is a Digital Care provider in the Nordics, offering a comprehensive Digital Platform for integrated health and care services to digitalize primary healthcare, social care, hospital healthcare and long-term care services. The company was founded in 2010 and currently employs approximately 60 people in Finland, Denmark, Norway, and Sweden serving domestic municipalities, customers and partners, such as City of Helsinki, Keski-Suomi Welfare Region, Länsi-Uusimaa Welfare Region in Finland, and Viborg municipality in Denmark with its Digital Care platform. Annually over 5 million customer contacts are handled digitally through Oiva Health’s Digital Care and Digital Clinic platforms.

About Main Capital Partners

Main Capital Partners is a software investor managing private equity funds active in the Benelux, DACH, the Nordics, France, and the United States with approximately EUR 7 billion in assets under management. Main has over 20 years of experience in strengthening software companies and works closely with the management teams across its portfolio as a strategic partner to achieve profitable growth and create larger outstanding software groups. Main has approximately 95 employees operating out of its offices in The Hague, Düsseldorf, Stockholm, Antwerp, Paris, and an affiliate office in Boston. Main maintains an active portfolio of over 50 software companies. The underlying portfolio employs approximately 15,000 employees. Through its Main Social Institute, Main supports students with grants and scholarships to study IT and Computer Science at Technical Universities and Universities of Applied Sciences.

The sender of this press release is Main Capital Partners.

For more information, please contact:

Main Capital Partners
Sophia Hengelbrok (PR & Communications Specialist)

sophia.hengelbrok@main.nl

+ 31 6 53 70 76 86

Rethinking HIPAA Compliant Email – Not Just a Checkbox

January 20, 2026
Pete Wermter

The compliance-only mentality is outdated.

Let’s be honest—when most healthcare organizations think about HIPAA compliant email, it’s usually in the context of avoiding fines or satisfying checklists. And while yes, compliance is critical, viewing it only through the lens of risk management is a missed opportunity.

In reality, HIPAA compliant email, when implemented properly, is one of the most powerful tools for patient and customer engagement. Why? Because it unlocks the ability to leverage protected health information (PHI) safely, enabling personalized, timely, and high-impact email communication that drives better engagement, satisfaction, and outcomes.

What Makes Email Truly HIPAA Compliant?

As a reminder, HIPAA compliant email requires that protected health information (PHI) is safeguarded both in transit and at rest. That means your email provider must:

Use encryption at all times

Be access-controlled

Include audit logs

Be stored and transmitted in a secure manner

Provide a Business Associate Agreement

Regular email services just don’t cut it. In fact, most consumer or marketing email platforms like Sendgrid or Constant Contact, while great at sending email, are not HIPAA compliant or have limitations when it comes to using PHI in your messages. Even when bolted-on encryption solutions are used, they often lack the flexibility, scalability, and automation needed for safe and effective healthcare email engagement.

LuxSci goes beyond the basics with policy-based encryption, secure TLS, PKI encryption and escrow/secure portal options. LuxSci’s SecureLine™ encryption technology dynamically selects the appropriate encryption method based on recipient capabilities and messaging context and can be configured to enforce secure delivery automatically according to organizational policies. LuxSci also provides the ability to enforce advanced multi-factor authentication. Every message is tracked with full audit trails—no guesswork, no loose ends.

The Real Opportunity – Secure, Personalized Email with PHI

Using PHI to Drive Personalized Messaging
Imagine sending a personalized reminder to a diabetic patient about an upcoming check-up. Or reaching out to new mothers with postnatal care resources tailored to their needs. Or sending automated email workflows to all your members to accelerate and increase new plan enrollments. Or email customer and prospects about a new product upgrade or new service offering. The list goes on. That’s the power of PHI-personalized email—when done securely.

Targeted Segmentation with Sensitive Data
With HIPAA compliant email solutions like LuxSci, you can segment your audience based on real health data with high levels of precision, such as chronic conditions, appointment history, insurance status, health risks, and more, without compromising patient trust or security.

Breaking the One-Size-Fits-All Approach in Healthcare Email
Generic email blasts are over. Modern patients expect personalization. With LuxSci, you can deliver highly targeted, highly secure emails with encrypted content, while staying HIPAA compliant.

Real Business Results from Secure Email

Here’s how secure, personalized email can drive improved results across a range of healthcare communications, including:

Increased Patient Appointments and Follow-ups – Sending encrypted, personalized appointment reminders and follow-up notices can reduce no-shows and boost overall appointment volume.
Boosting Preventative Care with Outreach Campaigns – Preventative campaigns (think flu shots or cancer screenings) sent securely to the right segments can lead to higher response rates, better health outcomes, and a lower cost of care.
Improving Health Plan Enrollments – Targeted email outreach during open enrollment, tailored by eligibility or plan type, and powered by automated workflows leads to higher enrollments and lower call center costs.
Driving Awareness and Sales of New Services or Products – Have a product upgrade offer, new wellness program or telehealth service? Send secure, PHI-informed HIPAA compliant email to the right audience for increased sales and faster adoption.
Optimize Explanation of Benefits Notices – Replace snail mail with email that’s fast, reliable and trackable, ensuring customers are informed and compliance is met.

The Healthcare Marketer’s Secret Weapon: Using PHI Responsibly

In a world moving away from third-party cookies, first-party data is more valuable than ever, and PHI is the most powerful form of it in healthcare. With secure HIPAA compliant email, PHI doesn’t have to be locked away. Marketers can safely use it to understand patient needs and send relevant, timely messages. PHI-driven segmentation lets you build hyper-targeted campaigns that speak to relevant conditions, unique needs and timely topics, increasing open rates, clicks throughs, and campaign conversions.

Meeting the Personalization Demands of Today’s Patients and Customers

HIPAA-compliant email is no longer just about checking a box. It’s about unlocking the full potential of your patient and customer data to drive better engagement, healthier outcomes, and measurable business results.

In closing, below are some final thoughts on how secure, HIPAA compliant email delivers long-term value for your organization and better connections with your patients and customers, including:

- Future-Proofing Healthcare Engagement – Patients expect Amazon-level personalization. HIPAA-compliant tools let you meet those expectations securely.

- Adapting to Data Privacy Regulations Beyond HIPAA – From GDPR to state-level privacy laws, secure communication is no longer optional, it’s foundational.

- Building Trust Through Secure Communication – Each secure, personalized message sent is a trust-building moment with your patients and customers.

Why LuxSci? The Infrastructure Behind the Performance

With LuxSci’s secure email infrastructure and email marketing solutions, healthcare organizations can confidently personalize communication, reach patients more effectively, and fuel growth with PHI-safe segmentation, messaging, and email automation.

LuxSci takes data security and email performance to the next level by offering dedicated cloud infrastructure for each customer, which means your email campaigns aren’t slowed down by other vendors on shared cloud services and your attack footprint is much smaller. In short, you get higher delivery rates and throughput with proven HIPAA compliance and data security.

The future of healthcare engagement is personal, secure, and performance-driven—and it starts with HIPAA compliant email done right.

Reach out today with any questions or to learn more about LuxSci.

FAQs

1. Is HIPAA-compliant email necessary for marketing communications?
Yes—if your emails include or are based on PHI (like appointment reminders, condition-based messaging, or insurance info), you need HIPAA-compliant email and recipient consent to avoid legal risk and preserve patient trust.

2. Can PHI be used in marketing emails under HIPAA?
Yes, with proper consent and secure, HIPAA compliant infrastructure like LuxSci’s, PHI can be safely used in emails for personalized, segmented campaigns.

3. How does LuxSci ensure high email deliverability for healthcare messages?
LuxSci uses dedicated cloud servers for each customer, active email reputation monitoring, and best-practice configurations to ensure high deliverability rates for sensitive emails.

4. Is LuxSci only for marketing teams?
No—LuxSci supports marketing, clinical, operations, and IT teams by enabling secure, compliant email communication across the entire organization.

5. What types of PHI can I use to segment campaigns using LuxSci?
You can segment based on chronic conditions, visit history, insurance status, provider details, age, gender, location, and more—all while staying fully compliant.

The Benefits of Using PHI in Patient Communications

March 15, 2023
LuxSci

Some healthcare organizations do not allow PHI to be sent outside the patient’s health record. However, by allowing your marketing and administrative teams to use PHI in patient communication, you can streamline operations, improve the patient experience, and increase revenue with HIPAA marketing.

Although the healthcare industry is traditionally slow to adopt new technologies, the past few years have rapidly accelerated the shift to digital communications. The reasons for these shifts are varied and will be explored in detail below. No matter the reason, one thing is certain- organizations adapting to the modern digital age are thriving, while those resisting change are falling behind in meeting patient expectations.

Changing Technology Preferences

Rapid technological innovation has made it possible to communicate securely at scale. As broadband access has increased, people are incorporating it into their daily lives. In 2022, 92% of Americans reported using email, and 49% checked it every few hours. Many people now prefer to receive business communications via email because it is asynchronous and can be engaged with when it fits into their schedules.

Healthcare organizations that utilize email for external communication are experiencing better response rates and fewer patient no-shows. Email already fits into the daily lives of many patients and doesn’t require them to take extra steps to receive information about their healthcare journey.

The Rise of Healthcare Consumerism

Healthcare consumerism refers to patients’ personal choices and responsibility in paying for and managing their health. Patients are no longer stuck with one provider or practice. They have more choices than ever and will shop around for new providers if unsatisfied with their experience.

If healthcare providers are not delivering a digital experience that meets patient expectations, they could risk losing patients and revenue.

In addition, as younger generations are taking control of their healthcare, they are used to digital-first experiences that are personalized to their needs. If organizations are unwilling to invest into personalized digital patient experiences, they will not adequately serve the next generation of healthcare consumers.

Staffing Challenges

The healthcare industry is not immune to recent staffing challenges. Staffing shortages have left fewer employees available to do more tasks, including patient care. Introducing digital technology into your patient communication strategy can help automate and streamline common communication workflows like:

Appointment reminders
Pre- and post-procedure instructions
Health education messages
Vaccine reminders
Medication adherence reminders
Billing

Automating common workflows frees up time for staff to focus on urgent patient needs and improves the patient experience.

How to Safely Use PHI in Patient Communications

Patients are already communicating with their healthcare providers one-on-one via email. The question is, how can you protect this data while communicating at scale for marketing and educational purposes? There are tools (like LuxSci’s Secure Marketing and Secure High Volume Email solutions) that are designed to support the unique security needs of the healthcare industry while providing the personalized digital experience that patients desire.

Protecting PHI in Patient Communications

PHI needs to be protected in emails with advanced encryption technology. TLS encryption should be used as often as possible because it provides a user experience like regular email without requiring a portal login. For marketing and patient education emails, TLS is sufficient to protect data and allows patients to readily engage with the email content. By properly vetting and choosing the right vendors, marketing and administrative teams can communicate with patients via email without violating HIPAA.

Personalization at Scale

The power of PHI is undeniable. When healthcare marketers can harness healthcare data to create ultra-personalized campaigns, it increases their relevance and the likelihood that the content will be engaged with, delivering a better ROI. Our solutions integrate via API to securely personalize messages and trigger emails when specific conditions are met. This allows marketers to send relevant messages at the right time when it is relevant to the patient’s healthcare journey.

Modern technology is needed to serve today’s patients. Meeting patients where they are with the information they need on the channels they prefer is vital to improving healthcare outcomes for the most vulnerable populations. Using PHI in patient communications gives your organization a comparative advantage by providing a better patient experience.

Healthcare Email Threat Readiness Strategies

May 14, 2025
Pete Wermter

Are you up to date on the latest email security threats?

In this post, we share details from our just-released Email Cyber Threat Readiness Report, exploring the most effective ways to strengthen your healthcare organization’s email cyber threat readiness in 2025.

Let’s go!

Conduct Regular Risk Assessments

To strengthen your company’s email security posture, you must first identify vulnerabilities in your infrastructure that malicious actors could exploit. Frequent risk assessments will highlight the security gaps in your email infrastructure and allow you to implement the appropriate strategies to mitigate threats.

A comprehensive email risk assessment should include:

Assessment of email encryption practices.
Review of email authentication protocols, i.e., SPF, DKIM, DMARC.
Evaluation of access control policies and practices.
Assessment of malware detection capabilities.
Audit of third-party integrations.
Testing of employee email threat awareness through simulated attacks to determine threat readiness and training needs.
Review of incident response and business continuity plans, especially, in this case, in regard to email-based threats.

A risk assessment may also involve the use of vulnerability scanning tools, which scan your email infrastructure looking for conditions that match those stored in a database of known security flaws, or Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures (CVEs). Alternatively, healthcare companies often employ the services of ethical, or ‘white hat’, hackers who carry out penetration tests, in which they purposely attempt to breach your email security measures to pinpoint its flaws.

Implement Email Authentication Protocols

As touched on above, enabling and correctly configuring the right email authentication protocols is an essential mitigation measure against phishing and BEC attacks, domain spoofing and impersonation, and other increasingly common email threats. Just as importantly, it allows recipient email servers to verify that a message is authentic and originated from your servers, which reduces the risk of your domain being blacklisted and your emails being directed to spam folders instead of the intended recipient’s inbox.

The three main email authentication protocols are:

DomainKeys Identified Mail (DKIM): adds a cryptographic signature to outgoing emails, allowing the recipient’s server to verify that the email was not altered in transit.
Sender Policy Framework (SPF): allows domain owners to specify which servers are authorized to send emails on their behalf, mitigating domain spoofing and other forms of impersonation.
Domain-based Message Authentication, Reporting & Conformance (DMARC): builds on SPF and DKIM by establishing policies for handling unauthorized emails. It instructs the recipient email server to monitor, quarantine, or reject emails that fail authentication checks.

Establish Robust Access Control Policies

Implementing comprehensive access control policies reduces the chances of ePHI exposure by restricting its access to individuals authorized to handle it. Additionally, access privileges shouldn’t be equal and should be granted based on the employee’s job requirements, i.e., role-based access control (RBAC).

Zero Trust Architecture (ZTA), in contrast, is a rapidly emerging, and more secure, alternative to RBAC. ZTA’s core principles are “least privilege”, i.e., only granting the minimum necessary access rights, and “never trust, always verify”, i.e., continually asking for the user to confirm their identity as the conditions of their session change, e.g., their location, the resources they request access to, etc.

Enable User Authentication Measures

Because a user’s login credentials can be compromised, through a phishing attack or session hijacking, for instance, access control, though vital, only protects ePHI to an extent. Subsequently, you must require a user to prove their identity, through a variety of authentication measures – with a common method being multi-factor authentication (MFA).

Recommended by HIPAA, MFA requires users to verify their identity in two or more ways, which could include:

Something they know (e.g., one-time password (OTP), security questions)
Something they have (e.g., a keycard or security token)
Something they are (i.e., biometrics: retinal scans, fingerprints, etc.).

What’s more, it’s important to note that the need to enable MFA will be emphasized to a greater degree when the proposed changes to the HIPAA Security Rule go into effect in late 2025.

Identify and Manage Supply Chain Risk

While on the subject of access control, one of the most significant security concerns faced by healthcare organizations is that several third-party organizations, such as vendors and supply chain partners, have access to the patient data under their care to various degrees. As a result, cybercriminals don’t have to breach your email security measures to access ePHI – they could get their hands on your patients’ data through your vendors.

Consequently, third-party risk management must be a fundamental part of every healthcare organization‘s email threat mitigation strategy. This requires you to ensure that each vendor you work with has strong email security measures in place. In light of this, a HIPAA requirement is to have a business associate agreement (BAA) in place with each third party, or business associate, so you both formally establish your responsibilities in securing ePHI.

Set Up Encryption for Data In Transit and At Rest

Encrypting the patient data contained in email communication is a HIPAA regulation, as it prevents its exposure in the event of its interception by a cybercriminal. You should encrypt ePHI both in transit, i.e., when being included in emails, and at rest, i.e., when stored in a database.

Encryption standards sufficient for HIPAA compliance include:

TLS (1.2 +): a commonly-used encryption protocol that secures email in transit; popular due to being ‘invisible’, i.e., simple to use.
AES-256: a powerful encryption standard primarily used to safeguard stored data, e.g., emails stored in databases or archives.
PGP: uses public and private key pairs to encrypt and digitally sign emails for end-to-end security.
S/MIME: encrypts and signs emails using digital certificates issued by trusted authorities.

Develop a Patch Management Strategy

One of the most common means of infiltrating company networks, or attack vectors, is exploiting known security vulnerabilities in applications and hardware. Vendors release updates and patches to fix these vulnerabilities, so it’s crucial to establish a routine for regularly updating and patching email delivery platforms and the systems and infrastructure that underpin them.

Additionally, vendors periodically stop supporting particular versions of their applications or hardware, leaving them more susceptible to security breaches. With this in mind, you must track which elements of your IT ecosystem are nearing their end-of-support (EOS) date and replace them with suitable, HIPAA-compliant alternatives.

Implement Continuous Monitoring Protocols

Continuously monitoring your IT infrastructure is crucial for remaining aware of suspicious activity in your email traffic and potential security breaches. Without continuous monitoring, cybercriminals have a prime opportunity to infiltrate your network between periodic risk assessments.

Worse, they can remain undetected for longer periods, allowing them to move laterally within your network and access your most critical data and systems. Conversely, continuous monitoring solutions employ anomaly detection to identify suspicious behavior, unusual login locations, etc.

Develop Business Continuity and Disaster Recovery Plans

The unfortunate combination of organizations being so reliant upon email communication, email threats being so prevalent, and the healthcare sector being a consistent target for cyber attacks makes a data breach a near inevitability rather than a mere possibility.

Consequently, it’s imperative to develop business continuity and disaster recovery protocols so you can resume normal operations as soon as possible in the event of a cyber attack. An essential part of a disaster recovery plan is making regular data backups, minimizing the impact on the service provided to patients and customers.

Implement Email Threat Awareness Training for Employees

Healthcare organizations must invest in email threat awareness training for their employees, so they can recognize the variety of email-based cyber attacks they’re likely to face and can play a role in their mitigation.

Email threat awareness training should include:

The different email-based cyber threats (e.g., phishing), how they work, and how to avoid them, including AI-powered threats.
Who to inform of suspicious activity, i.e., incident response procedures.
Your disaster recovery protocols.
Cyber attack simulations, e.g., a phishing attack or malware download.

While educating your employees will increase their email threat readiness, failing to equip them with the knowledge and skills to recognize email-based attacks could undermine your other mitigation efforts.

Download LuxSci’s Email Cyber Threat Readiness Report

To gain further insight into the most effective email threat readiness strategies and how to better defend your healthcare organization from the ever-evolving threat landscape, download your copy of LuxSci’s Email Cyber Threat Readiness Report for 2025.

You’ll also learn about the top email threats facing healthcare organizations in 2025, as well as how the upcoming changes to the HIPAA Security Rule may further impact your company’s cybersecurity and compliance strategies.

Grab your copy of the report here and reach out to us today if you want to learn more.

How to Set Up HIPAA Compliant Email

September 12, 2025
Erik Kangas

Learning how to set up HIPAA compliant email involves selecting appropriate secure email platforms, configuring encryption settings, implementing access controls, and establishing proper business associate agreements with service providers. Healthcare organizations must ensure their email systems meet all HIPAA Security Rule requirements before transmitting any protected health information electronically. The setup process requires careful planning of security configurations, user authentication protocols, and audit logging capabilities that protect patient data throughout transmission and storage.

Platform Selection and Service Provider Evaluation

Choosing the right email service provider is the first step in establishing how to set up HIPAA compliant email. Healthcare organizations evaluating providers must verify their ability to sign comprehensive business associate agreements that specify exactly how patient information will be protected during transmission and storage. The provider’s data centers should maintain appropriate physical security measures, including biometric access controls, environmental monitoring, and redundant power systems that ensure continuous email availability without compromising security. For healthcare organizations that requirement both high performance and high levels of data security with a smaller attack surface, dedicated cloud infrastructure deployments are recommended.

Service provider certifications provide valuable insight into their security capabilities and compliance experience. HITRUST certification specifically addresses healthcare security requirements and indicates that the provider understands the unique compliance challenges facing healthcare organizations. These certifications should be current and available for review during the vendor selection process.

Geographic data residency requirements may influence provider selection depending on organizational policies and patient preferences. Some healthcare organizations prefer email providers that maintain all servers within United States borders to simplify compliance with various state privacy laws. International providers may offer cost advantages but require additional due diligence to ensure their data handling practices meet American healthcare privacy standards.

Scalability considerations affect long-term success when healthcare organizations experience growth or changes in email usage patterns. Email systems should accommodate the inevitable increase in the numbers of users, higher message volumes, and integration with additional healthcare applications and systems, without requiring complete system replacements. Healthcare organizations benefit from understanding how to set up HIPAA compliant email systems that can adapt to changing operational needs while maintaining security standards.

Security Configuration and Encryption Setup

Encryption configuration forms the cornerstone of secure healthcare email systems. Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) 256-bit encryption should activate automatically for all outgoing messages containing patient information, eliminating the risk of staff forgetting to enable security features manually. Transport Layer Security (TLS) 1.2 or higher protocols must secure all connections between email servers, preventing message interception during transmission across public internet networks.

Digital certificate management ensures that email recipients can verify sender authenticity while maintaining message integrity during transmission. Healthcare organizations learning how to set up HIPAA compliant email need certificate authorities that provide reliable identity verification services for their email communications. Certificate renewal processes should operate automatically to prevent service interruptions that could compromise email security or availability.

Key management protocols, such as S/MIME and PGP, protect encryption keys from unauthorized access while ensuring legitimate users can decrypt necessary patient communications. Encryption keys should rotate automatically at predetermined intervals, with secure backup procedures that prevent data loss if primary key storage systems fail. Healthcare organizations must maintain documented procedures for key recovery that balance security requirements with operational necessity.

Message archiving configurations must preserve encrypted email communications for required retention periods while maintaining searchability for audit and legal discovery purposes. Archive systems need the same encryption protections as active email systems, with access controls that limit retrieval to authorized personnel. Backup procedures should test data recovery capabilities while ensuring archived communications remain encrypted throughout the backup and restoration process.

User Access Controls and Authentication

Multi-factor authentication provides essential protection for healthcare email accounts containing patient information. Users should provide at least two forms of identification before accessing their email accounts, typically combining passwords with mobile device verification codes, biometric scans, or hardware security tokens. Authentication systems must integrate smoothly with existing healthcare information systems to avoid creating workflow disruptions that might encourage staff to circumvent security measures.

Role-based access permissions ensure that healthcare staff can only view patient communications relevant to their job responsibilities. Physicians need different access levels compared to billing staff or administrative personnel, with granular controls that prevent unauthorized viewing of patient information outside individual care relationships. Access controls should automatically adjust when staff members change roles within the organization or transfer between departments with different patient access requirements.

Session management protocols track user activities within email systems and automatically terminate inactive sessions to prevent unauthorized access from unattended workstations. Session timeout periods should balance security requirements with operational efficiency, allowing sufficient time for healthcare staff to compose thoughtful patient communications without creating security vulnerabilities. Login attempt monitoring detects potential account compromise situations and triggers appropriate security responses.

Password policies must enforce requirements while avoiding overly burdensome rules that encourage staff to write down passwords or reuse credentials across multiple systems. Password managers can help healthcare staff maintain unique, complex passwords for their email accounts while integrating with single sign-on systems that reduce authentication friction. Organizations mastering how to set up HIPAA compliant email often implement password policies that emphasize length over complexity to improve both security and usability.

Business Associate Agreements and Legal Requirements

Comprehensive business associate agreements (BAA) define the legal framework for email service provider relationships with healthcare organizations. These agreements must specify exactly how the provider will protect patient information, what uses and disclosures are permitted, and detailed procedures for reporting security incidents to the healthcare organization. In turn, business associates need to fully understand their role in BAAs and the shared responsibility model. Agreement terms should address data retention requirements, geographic restrictions on data storage, and procedures for returning or destroying patient information when business relationships terminate.

Liability allocation clauses protect healthcare organizations from financial exposure when email security incidents occur due to provider negligence or system failures. Insurance requirements ensure that email service providers maintain adequate cyber liability coverage to address potential damages from data breaches or privacy violations. Healthcare organizations should verify that provider insurance policies specifically cover HIPAA-related claims and regulatory penalties.

Audit rights allow healthcare organizations to verify that their email providers maintain appropriate security controls and comply with business associate agreement terms. These rights should include access to security audit reports, penetration testing results, and compliance certifications relevant to healthcare data protection. Regular audit schedules help healthcare organizations demonstrate due diligence in vendor oversight during regulatory inspections or legal proceedings.

Termination procedures specify how patient information will be handled when email service relationships end, whether due to contract expiration, service dissatisfaction, or provider business closure. Data return requirements should include specific timelines for transferring patient communications to new email systems, with verification that all copies of patient information are securely destroyed from provider systems. Proper termination planning prevents patient information from remaining in unsupported systems after service relationships end.

Implementation Planning and Testing

Staff training programs must prepare healthcare workers to use secure email systems effectively while maintaining patient privacy throughout all communications. Training should cover how to recognize secure email platforms, procedures for verifying recipient identities before sending patient information, and guidelines for determining what health information is appropriate for email transmission.

Pilot testing allows healthcare organizations to identify potential issues before implementing email systems organization-wide. Pilot programs should can include representative users from different departments and roles to ensure the email system meets diverse operational needs. Testing scenarios should verify that encryption activates properly, access controls function as designed, and audit logging captures all necessary security events for compliance monitoring.

Integration planning addresses how secure email systems will connect with existing electronic health records, practice management software, and other healthcare applications. Data flow mapping helps identify potential security gaps where patient information might transmit between systems without appropriate encryption protection. Healthcare organizations learning how to set up HIPAA compliant email must ensure that all system integrations maintain the same security standards as the primary email platform.

Rollout schedules should phase email system implementation to minimize workflow disruptions while allowing adequate time for user adaptation and troubleshooting. Support procedures must provide healthcare staff with readily available assistance during the transition period when questions about secure email usage are most frequent. Documentation requirements include maintaining records of all configuration settings, security tests, and staff training activities that show compliance with HIPAA requirements.

Monitoring and Maintenance Procedures

When learning how to set up HIPAA compliant email, it is important to know that audit logging systems must capture detailed records of all email activities, including message sending and receiving times, user login attempts, and administrative actions within the email system. Log retention policies should maintain audit records for required periods while ensuring that log storage systems have the same security protections as the primary email platform. Healthcare organizations need procedures for reviewing audit logs to identify potential security incidents or unauthorized access attempts.

Security monitoring tools should provide real-time alerts when unusual email activities occur, such as large volumes of outbound messages, login attempts from unusual locations, or repeated authentication failures. Automated monitoring reduces the burden on healthcare IT staff while ensuring that potential security incidents receive prompt attention. Alert thresholds must balance sensitivity with operational practicality to avoid overwhelming staff with false alarms.

Performance monitoring tracks email system availability, message deliverability, open rates, click-throughs, emails secured. Healthcare organizations mastering how to set up HIPAA compliant email balance security requirements with performance needs, while also recognizing that overly complex systems may encourage staff to find workarounds that compromise patient privacy. Regular performance assessments help identify opportunities to improve both security and user experience within secure email systems.

What Are HIPAA Marketing Rules?

May 5, 2025
Erik Kangas

HIPAA marketing rules are Privacy Rule regulations that govern how healthcare organizations can use protected health information for promotional communications and patient engagement activities. These rules require written patient authorization for most marketing uses of PHI, define exceptions for treatment communications and healthcare operations, establish standards for consent documentation, and specify penalties for violations involving unauthorized marketing disclosures. Healthcare organizations must navigate complex regulatory boundaries that distinguish between permitted patient communications and marketing activities requiring special authorization. Understanding these distinctions helps organizations develop effective patient engagement strategies while avoiding costly compliance violations.

Regulatory Definition of HIPAA Marketing Rules

Marketing communications under HIPAA include any messages that encourage recipients to purchase or use products or services, with specific exceptions for face-to-face encounters and nominal value promotional gifts. This broad definition encompasses many patient communications that healthcare organizations might not traditionally consider marketing activities. Treatment communications that recommend or describe healthcare services provided by the communicating organization generally do not constitute marketing under HIPAA marketing rules. Providers can discuss additional services, alternative treatments, or care options during patient encounters without triggering marketing authorization requirements. Healthcare operations activities including care coordination, case management, and quality assessment often qualify for marketing exemptions when they promote patient health rather than organizational revenue. These communications must focus on improving care outcomes rather than encouraging service utilization.

Authorization Requirements and Exceptions

Written patient consent forms the legal foundation for using PHI in marketing communications that fall outside regulatory exceptions. These authorizations must clearly describe what information will be used, the purpose of the marketing activity, and the patient’s right to revoke consent without affecting their healthcare treatment. Authorization content requirements mandate specific elements including description of PHI to be used, identification of persons who will receive the information, expiration dates for the authorization, and statements about the individual’s right to revoke consent. Missing elements can invalidate authorizations and create compliance violations. Compound authorization restrictions prevent healthcare organizations from combining marketing consent with other required forms such as treatment consent or insurance authorizations. Marketing authorizations must be separate documents that allow patients to make independent decisions about promotional communications.

Permitted Activities Without Authorization

Face-to-face marketing encounters between healthcare providers and patients do not require written authorization under HIPAA marketing rules, allowing natural discussion of additional services during patient visits. These conversations can include recommendations for other treatments, wellness programs, or preventive services. Promotional gifts of nominal value may be provided during face-to-face marketing communications without triggering additional consent requirements. Healthcare organizations must ensure that gift values remain reasonable and do not create inappropriate incentives that could influence patient care decisions. Communications about health-related products or services provided by the healthcare organization or its business associates may proceed without individual authorization when they support ongoing care activities. Examples include patient education materials about conditions being treated or wellness programs relevant to patient health needs.

Financial Incentive Disclosure Requirements

Remuneration disclosure obligations require enhanced authorization forms when healthcare organizations receive financial compensation for marketing activities involving PHI. These situations include pharmaceutical company sponsorship of patient communications or revenue sharing arrangements with marketing partners. Third-party payment notifications must inform patients when outside organizations are paying for marketing communications about their products or services. Authorization forms must clearly explain these financial relationships and how patient information will be shared with paying entities. Conflict of interest considerations require healthcare organizations to evaluate whether financial incentives for marketing activities could compromise patient care decisions or create inappropriate promotional pressures. These evaluations should inform authorization processes and marketing content development.

Enforcement Mechanisms and Violations

Office for Civil Rights oversight includes authority to investigate complaints about healthcare organization marketing practices and impose corrective actions for violations. OCR has increased enforcement focus on marketing violations, particularly those involving unauthorized use of PHI or inadequate patient consent. Violation categories range from technical authorization deficiencies to willful disregard of patient consent preferences. Penalties vary based on violation severity, organizational culpability, and previous compliance history, with potential sanctions reaching millions of dollars for serious violations. Individual liability extends to healthcare workers who inappropriately use or disclose PHI for the purpose of HIPAA marketing rules. Violations can result in both organizational penalties and individual criminal prosecution depending on the circumstances and intent behind the violation.

Implementation Guidelines for Healthcare Organizations

Policy development should address all aspects of marketing communications including authorization procedures, content approval processes, and staff training requirements. These policies must align with organizational marketing strategies while ensuring comprehensive regulatory compliance. Staff education programs must help healthcare personnel understand the distinction between permitted communications and marketing activities requiring authorization. Training should include examples of different communication types and decision-making processes for determining authorization requirements. Consent management systems help healthcare organizations track patient authorization status and ensure that marketing communications align with current consent preferences. Systems must process authorization changes immediately and maintain historical records for audit purposes.

Integration with Privacy Obligations

Minimum necessary standards apply to HIPAA marketing rules requiring organizations to limit PHI disclosure to information needed for the specific marketing purpose. Complete medical records should not be used for marketing unless the entire record is necessary for the authorized communication. Patient rights protection ensures that marketing activities do not interfere with individual rights to access, amend, or restrict uses of their PHI. Healthcare organizations must maintain systems that support these rights while enabling appropriate marketing communications. State law coordination requires healthcare organizations to comply with any state privacy requirements that provide stronger protections than HIPAA marketing rules. Organizations operating in multiple states should aim to prioritize the various requirements and implement policies that meet the most restrictive standards.